Migration has emerged as a critical dimension of contemporary bilateral relations, particularly in the context of evolving labour markets and global mobility regimes. This paper examines the impact of India–Poland bilateral agreements on human mobility, with a focus on migration policy, institutional frameworks, and governance gaps. Using qualitative analysis of official agreements, memoranda of understanding, policy documents, and diplomatic exchanges, the study evaluates existing mechanisms regulating labour, educational, and skilled migration between the two countries. The findings reveal that India and Poland lack a comprehensive bilateral migration framework. Instead, migration governance is shaped by fragmented sector-specific arrangements and broader European Union regulations, limiting policy coherence and institutional coordination. Key challenges include the absence of structured labour migration pathways, inconsistencies in qualification recognition, and weak migrant protection mechanisms. These gaps increase reliance on private intermediaries and create vulnerabilities for migrants. Despite these limitations, the paper identifies significant opportunities for enhanced cooperation. Poland’s labour shortages and demographic transition, combined with India’s skilled workforce and expanding global mobility initiatives, create strong potential for mutually beneficial migration partnerships. The study argues for a formal, transparent, and rights-based bilateral migration framework that integrates labour mobility, education, and social protection. Such cooperation would strengthen safe and legal migration channels and contribute to sustainable India–Poland relations.