ISO 9001:2015

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, MODERN MANAGEMENT, APPLIED SCIENCE & SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJEMMASSS) [ Vol. 8 | No. 1 (III) Special Issue | January - March, 2026 ]

Hybrid Warfare and National Security: India’s Strategic Response to Cyber Threats, Information Warfare, and Transnational Terrorism

Dr. Ravindra S. Marathe

Hybrid warfare has emerged as one of the most significant challenges to national security in the contemporary international system. It combines conventional military capabilities with non dynamic tools such as cyber operations, information warfare, proxy terrorism, economic pressure, and political influence activities. India witnesses persistent hybrid threats arising from its complex regional environment, unresolved territorial disputes, rapid digital transformation, and open democratic society. Cyber intrusions targeting critical infrastructure, coordinated disinformation campaigns across digital platforms, and cross border terrorism supported by external actors illustrate the evolving character of conflict confronting the Indian state. This paper examines hybrid warfare as a strategic framework and analyses its key dimensions relevant to India’s national security, namely cyber threats, information warfare, and transnational terrorism. It critically evaluates India’s existing institutional, legal, and policy responses and identifies structural and strategic gaps. The paper argues that India requires an integrated and proactive national approach that combines cyber resilience, counter terrorism, strategic communication, and diplomacy. Strengthening these capabilities is essential for safeguarding India’s security interests and for supporting its broader foreign policy objectives in a rapidly evolving multi-polar world.

  1. Ahuja, Amit and Kapur, Devesh (eds.). Internal Security in India: Violence, Order, and the State, Oxford University Press, New York, 2023.
  2. Deshpande, Vikrant, Hybrid Warfare: The Changing Character of Conflict, Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses, Pentagon Press, New Delhi, 2018.
  3. Pandit, Rahul, Information Warfare: Battleground of the Digital Age, Nation Press, Chennai, 2025.
  4. Clarke, Richard A. and Knake, Robert K., Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It. Ecco, New York, 2012.
  5. Hoffman, Frank G., Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, Virginia. 2007.
  6. Ministry of Defence. Government of India. Annual Report. 2023-24.
  7. Tellis, A. 2017. India’s Emerging Strategic Challenges. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  8. United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, UNGlobal Counter-Terrorism Strategy Review. United Nations, New York. 2023
  9. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. CERT-In annual reports 2021, 2022, 2023. Indian - Computer Emergency Response Teamwww.cert-in.org.in
  10. Pegasus Project. 2021. Investigative reports by consortium of media organizations and Amnesty International.https://www.scobserver.in/cases/manohar-lal-sharma-v-union-of-india-pegasus-spyware-probe-case-background/
  11. Ministry of External Affairs. 2019. Statement on Balakot strike and related exchanges. Government of India.
  12.  
  13. CENJOWS analysis. 2025. China’s informatized warfare and disinformation during and after the Galwan valley clash. Centre for Joint Warfare Studies. https://cenjows.in/publications/chinas-informatized-warfare-and-disinformation-during-and-after-the-galwan-valley-clash
  14. The Hacker News. 2023. SideCopy linked to cyberattacks on Indian defence networks. https://thehackernews.com/2023/03/pakistan-origin-sidecopy-linked-to-new.html
  15. VIF Cyber Review. 2022. Voluntary reports on Indian cyber incidents and sector vulnerabilities. https://www.vifindia.org/print/11100?via=Azure&
  16. Vajiram and Ravi. 2024. Report on 2023 ransomware incident affecting Indian defence units. https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/2023-ransomware-attack-on-indian-defence-unit-a-dopt-report-insight/.

DOI:

Article DOI:

DOI URL:


Download Full Paper:

Download