Online Registration

ISO 9001:2015

INSPIRA-JOURNAL OF COMMERCE,ECONOMICS & COMPUTER SCIENCE(JCECS) [ Vol. 12 | No. 2(II) | April - June, 2026 ]

IoT-Driven Smart Farming for Sustainable Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Technologies, Challenges, and Socio-Economic Implications

Kavita Ramdas Sandbhor & Dr. Yogesh

Sustainability concerns and the pressure to use agricultural resources more efficiently have pushed modern farming toward IoT-enabled smart systems. Conventional cultivation, which still depends largely on manual inspection and uniform field treatment, often results in wasted water, mistimed irrigation, and slow reaction to environmental change. This review examines the IoT-driven smart farming literature across four interconnected dimensions: smart farming architectures, AI-assisted agricultural models, wireless communication frameworks, and the socio-economic sustainability of these systems. A PRISMA-inspired selection procedure was applied to articles drawn from IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Springer, MDPI, and other indexed databases. The review synthesises recent advances in smart farming architectures, communication standards, precision irrigation, AI-enabled applications, and edge-assisted monitoring. Although IoT-based agriculture offers clear gains in environmental observation, irrigation control, and resource efficiency, persistent issues—infrastructure dependency, weak rural connectivity, high deployment cost, energy constraints, computational demands, and limited fit with rural realities—continue to limit large-scale adoption. The analysis surfaces important research gaps in scalability, long-term field deployment, socio-economic integration, and end-user usability, and indicates that future research should target low-cost, scalable, energy-aware architectures that can be realistically sustained in everyday agricultural settings.

Sandbhor, K. & Yogesh, Y. (2026). IoT-Driven Smart Farming for Sustainable Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Technologies, Challenges, and Socio-Economic Implications. Journal of Commerce, Economics & Computer Science, 12(02(II)), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.62823/JCECS/12.02(II).9172
  1. M. Dhanaraju et al., "Smart Farming: Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Sustainable Agriculture," Agriculture, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1–22, 2022.
  2. M. García et al., "IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: A Review," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1–28, 2021.
  3. T. Senoo et al., "AI-Driven Precision Agriculture Systems," Smart Agricultural Technology, vol. 3, pp. 1–15, 2023.
  4. S. Wolfert et al., "Big Data in Smart Farming – A Review," Agricultural Systems, vol. 153, pp. 69–80, 2017.
  5. A. Bashiru et al., "Technology Adoption Challenges in Smart Agriculture," Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1–19, 2023.
  6. J. García et al., "Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Irrigation," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 104533–104547, 2021.
  7. A. Muhammed et al., "AIoT in Smart Farming: Opportunities and Challenges," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1–16, 2023.
  8. M. Issa et al., "Edge Computing for Digital Agriculture," Future Internet, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2023.
  9. F. Al-Turjman et al., "Communication Technologies in Smart Agriculture," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1–32, 2022.
  10. S. R. Nandhini et al., "IoT Architectures for Precision Agriculture," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 195, p. 106810, 2022.
  11. M. Bashir et al., "Precision Irrigation Using IoT Sensors," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 14, pp. 1–20, 2022.
  12. R. Patel et al., "Low-Cost IoT Systems for Sustainable Agriculture," Sustainable Computing, vol. 34, p. 100726, 2022.
  13. S. Hassan et al., "Wireless Sensor Networks in Precision Agriculture," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 1–18, 2020.
  14. K. Sharma et al., "LoRaWAN-Based Smart Agriculture Systems," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1–17, 2023.
  15. B. Kitchenham, "Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering," EBSE Technical Report, 2007.
  16. K. G. Liakos et al., "Machine Learning in Agriculture: A Review," Sensors, vol. 18, no. 8, p. 2674, 2018.
  17. R. Kumar et al., "Sensor-Based Monitoring in Smart Farming," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1–13, 2022.
  18. M. A. Ferrag et al., "Security Challenges in IoT-Based Agriculture," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1–17, 2020.
  19. L. Ruiz-Garcia et al., "A Review of Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications in Agriculture and Food Industry," Sensors, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 4728–4750, 2009.
  20. A. Kamilaris and F. X. Prenafeta-Boldú, "Deep Learning in Agriculture: A Survey," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 147, pp. 70–90, 2018.
  21. V. Raj et al., "Cloud Computing Applications in Smart Agriculture," International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–14, 2022.
  22. O. Elijah et al., "An Overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics in Agriculture," Agronomy, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1–23, 2021.
  23. M. Jawad et al., "Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Farming," Sustainable Computing, vol. 31, p. 100590, 2021.
  24. D. Tilman et al., "Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices," Nature, vol. 418, pp. 671–677, 2002.
  25. H. Farooq et al., "IoT Communication Technologies for Agriculture," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 1–21, 2021.

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.62823/JCECS/12.02(II).9172

DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.62823/JCECS/12.02(II).9172

Download Full Paper:

Download