Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy by ensuring food security, employment generation, and rural development. In states like Bihar, where nearly 77% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture and allied activities, improving agricultural productivity is essential for sustainable economic development. The Government of India has implemented several agricultural development schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN), and the Soil Health Card Scheme to strengthen agricultural infrastructure, enhance irrigation facilities, provide financial assistance, and promote scientific farming practices. The present study examines the role of these government initiatives in enhancing agricultural productivity in Bihar. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical design and is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 120 farmers selected using simple random sampling, while secondary data were obtained from government reports, agricultural statistics, and economic survey publications. Statistical tools such as percentage analysis, tabulation, correlation analysis, and the Chi-square test were used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that government agricultural schemes have significantly contributed to improving agricultural productivity, increasing farmers’ income, and encouraging the adoption of modern agricultural practices. Productivity data show that between 2018–19 and 2024–25, rice productivity increased by 16.3%, wheat by 14.5%, maize by 17.2%, and pulses by 20%. Hypothesis testing results also confirm a significant relationship between scheme participation, farmer awareness, and agricultural productivity. However, the study also identifies challenges such as limited awareness, complex application procedures, and delays in receiving benefits. Strengthening extension services and improving awareness programmes are therefore essential to maximize the impact of these schemes and ensure sustainable agricultural development in Bihar.