This study presents a comparative evaluation of aberration management in refracting telescopes, which utilize lenses, and reflecting telescopes, which employ mirrors as their primary light-gathering elements. Refractors are primarily affected by chromatic aberration due to wavelength-dependent refraction, though this can be mitigated through the use of achromatic and apochromatic lens systems. However, they are generally less susceptible to spherical aberration and coma when properly designed. Reflectors, in contrast, inherently eliminate chromatic aberration because reflection is wavelength-independent, but they are more prone to monochromatic aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism, depending on mirror geometry. Designs such as the Newtonian telescope, Cassegrain telescope, and Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope incorporate corrective elements to address these limitations. The analysis compares optical performance, manufacturing complexity, cost efficiency, and suitability for various observational purposes. The findings indicate that while refractors offer superior image contrast and stability for small apertures, reflectors provide greater scalability and effective aberration correction for large-aperture systems, making them dominant in modern professional astronomy.