The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a global agenda for achieving inclusive, equitable, and environmentally resilient development by 2030. India’s vast geographical diversity ranging from arid deserts and fertile river basins to coastal regions and mountainous terrains creates unique spatial challenges and opportunities in pursuing these goals. This paper examines India’s SDG performance through a geographical lens, focusing on selected goals including clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), sustainable cities (SDG 11), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). Using secondary data sources such as the NITI Aayog SDG India Index, Census of India, Forest Survey of India, and disaster vulnerability reports, the study analyzes inter-state variations, temporal trends, and regional case studies that illustrate context-specific strategies for sustainable development. Figures depicting urbanization trends, state-wise SDG performance, disaster-prone regions, and forest cover changes complement the analysis and highlight spatial disparities. Case studies from Kerala, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Gujarat demonstrate how region-specific interventions in health, education, water management, disaster resilience, and industrial development have contributed to SDG advancement, while also revealing persistent challenges. The findings underscore the necessity of geographically informed, evidence-based planning, decentralized governance, and targeted policy interventions to achieve the SDGs equitably across India. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating spatial analysis, climate adaptation strategies, and inclusive development practices into India’s SDG implementation framework, offering insights for policymakers, researchers, and planners engaged in sustainable development.