Using the VAK model – a scaled down version of the VARK model by Flemming (1987) –convenience samples were drawn from students within three separate colleges at a small regional university in the Midwest U.S.A. The borrowed instrument measured three distinctly different learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. In addition to the VAK constructs, demographic questions such as GPA and each student’s chosen major were included. Results were mixed. GPA was found to be correlated with the visual learning style but not with the auditory or kinesthetic learning styles. There were also significant differences in learning styles by college major. Further study is suggested assessing and applying learning styles in both classroom and organizational learning.

Liquidity management is one of the core functions of modern organisation. It deals with the management of liquidity in such a way that profitability should be maximized. Liquidity is concerned with the ability of firm to meet its short term obligations while profitability deals with the ability of firm to earn profit. An effective liquidity management focuses on proper trade-off between liquidity and profitability. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), a largest producer of crude Oil and natural Gas in India, has a Maharatna status, a most valuable Public Sector Enterprise Unit (PSU) with Rs. 4 trillion market capitalizations. It has a fifth rank in Asia. The total Oil & Gas production of ONGC Group has been 59.21 MMToe during 2013-14. The liquidity position of ONGC is measured through liquidity ratios [CR, LR, WCTR, ITR, DTR and NWCTA] while profitability position of ONGC is measured through profitability ratios [NPR, OPR, ROTA, ROCE, ROI and EPS]. This paper is an attempt to study the impact of liquidity on ONGC profitability. To gauge such impact correlation and multiple regressions analysis has been used. The result reveals that liquidity has no impact on ONGC profitability.

This paper attempts to measure the extent of professionalism in strategic financial management as practised by organisations in the Business Process Outsourcing industry in India. Thus, an effort has been made to construct on index of professionalism based on theoretically sound and normative framework. Data has been collected on the basis of responses obtained from the questionnaire received from 96 Business Process Outsourcing organisations across India who are registered members of NASSCOM. The results suggest that a good majority of organisations are following professional practices in tune with sound theory of finance.

The necessity of rural finance was felt to provide protection and reliance to rural people who are highly depend on informal squeezing source of finance like moneylenders, landlords and traders etc. They exploit farmers and small entrepreneurs by charging exorbitant rate of interest and force farmers to sell their product at low price to them and even their agriculture land other assets. Rural people also face the risk of unpredictable production of crops due to high dependency on monsoon. The problems of finance suffer from lack of seeds, fertilizers, water supply and other facilities which lead to rural ineptness. Rural bank are providing finance to the weaker sections of society like small farmers, rural artisans, small producers, rural laborers ect, to provide finance to cooperative societies, primary credit societies, agricultural marketing societies, enhance and improve banking facilities to semi urban, rural and other untapped market. One of the object under three tire mechanism, the Regional Rural Bank helps the rural people to come out from the financial problems and secured the financial assistance to agriculture in India. The study is concentrated on Pandyan Grama Bank is of utmost importance in Tamil Nadu state to provide financial support to agriculture and performance of the bank in various identified potential areas. This bank focused on the continuous rural development, reaching the uncovered and being farmer friendly.

It is the objective of this paper to give an introduction to the notion of what is often described as “social banking, management principles of social banking, sustainable development and human resource management in social banking”. The common bond and specificity of this type of banking system is that, their main objective to have a positive impact on people, the environment and culture by means of banking, i.e. saving account, loans, and investments and other banking products and services. This paper is giving an overview of the principal modern pioneers in this field and describes the human resource management practices of this type of financial institutions.

Economic Value Added (EVA), a concept introduced by New York based consulting firm M/s Stern Steward & Co. in early eighties is a developing concept for measurement of performance as far as its application in India is concerned. The corporate world in India is slowly recognizing the importance of EVA. Some Indian companies viz., Ranbaxy Laboratories, Smtel India Ltd. etc. have started calculating EVA as an internal report. Infosys Technologies Ltd. is the first Indian company to disclose its EVA in the annual report. It will serve as a pointer to other companies to come out with EVA disclosure. This would be a bold step towards better disclosure practice.

Business ethics simply we mean that the application of ethics in business. Earlier it was the opinion that a business cannot be ethical. This trend has been changed today. Today business has found out that they are, responsible for social welfare, since they live and operate within a social structure. In this present globalized economy; corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, ethical behavior becomes the important key factors of the concern. The study concentrates on how the modern businesses are accelerated by applying the code of conduct in the environment of the business. The article discusses the survival of modern in the present society. The results of this study would help the modern industries in achieving their targeted result in a smooth way. The existing companies can improve their practices and new business can comply with the results for better performance.

Job satisfaction refers to what an employee simply feels about his job. Job satisfaction of college teachers is very important in the context of globalization and quality enhancement drive of the nation. The purpose of this paper is to prepare a sound methodology for assessment of job satisfaction of college teachers. The survey assessing job satisfaction can take two possible approaches – namely, a global approach and a facet approach. Each facet is a composition of several items. Similar items are clubbed into a facet. Job satisfaction is assessed using either Likerttype survey items or interviewed questions. Being a psychological phenomenon, job satisfaction requires a scientific instrument for gathering information about it. A five-point Likert scale as a survey instrument is suitable for this type of attitudinal data collection. The present paper prepared nine job satisfaction determining facets consisting of forty six items and one facet for overall measure of job satisfaction containing four items. Each item will be given to the sample respondents in order to express their degree of agreement with the items. The paper also discussed how to use the data collected from Likert type items and Likert type scales. Necessary statistical tools and techniques that can be used for analysis and interpretation of the collected are also mentioned.

This study assesses the impact of self- reliance, family planning decisions and media exposure on the empowerment of women entrepreneurs, based on a study using 130 respondents from 4 States in South India. Self-reliance empowerment index, Family planning empowerment index, Media exposure index were calculated to find their impact on empowerment. The significant difference among the four groups of respondents regarding their empowerment indices were analyzed with the help of ANOVA. Regression analysis was used to analyze the extent of influence empowerment indices had on the overall empowerment of respondents. The analysis shows that self reliance empowerment index was moderate, the family planning empowerment index was low and the media exposure empowerment index was moderate. It was also apparent that the empowerment indices had an impact on the overall empowerment of respondents. The research provides insights on how to improve the empowerment of women entrepreneurs.

India is home to 1/6th of world’s population. The suitability and long term sustainability of a financial system to cater to a divergent population comes from being able to handle the wide range of expectations. Participatory micro finance is a process wherein the financier instead of lending small amount on interest to someone actually involves in customer’s business through trade practices or by sharing associated business risk or by leasing out high value assets to the customers. Islamic finance is one form of participatory finance. By outlawing interest, Islam advocated an economy based on risk -sharing, fair dealing and equity–in both financial and social justice senses. The present paper aims to integrate the ethical approach of risk sharing with the basic tenets of Islamic banking which seems to be mistaken as a banking option meant only for Muslims. The study also examines the operational and regulatory issues in this regard.

The recently enacted Companies Act2013 (the ‘2013 Act’) is a landmark legislation and is likely to have far-reaching consequences on all companies operating in India. While a part of the 2013 Act has already become effective, the Draft Rules are in the midst of a consultation process. This important legislation, that has been in the making for over 10 years, started off as an effort in 2004 by the then government to make changes in Indian corporate law in the context of the changing economic and business environment and to make India corporate environment more transparent, simple and globally acceptable. The Companies Act 2013, (‘the Act’) ushers in a new era of corporate governance and transparency In the Indian corporate sector. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) with the objective to align its provisions to the recently notified provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 has specifically reviewed clause 49 of the Listing Agreement, to adopt leading industry practices on corporate governance and to make the corporate governance framework more effective. With requirements of these norms warranting organizations to provide assurance to the Board of Directors and Audit Committees on adequacy of internal financial controls, effective risk management processes, Anti-fraud controls and effective legal compliance framework, the Internal Auditor would need to review and re-define its role and fulfill its role as an important vehicle and an enabler of good Corporate governance.

Ever since the drawn of civilization, commodity trading has become an integral part of mankind. The first and foremost reason that commodity represents the fundamental elements of lifestyles of human beings. In the early days people used to exchange of goods for goods, which was called as “Barter system”, with the advancement of civilization, trading system has gone through various changes and has now entered in to an era of future trading besides existence physical trading across the world. The history of commodity future trading can be traced back to 1868 with the introduction of future trading in rice in Japan. This was followed by an increased participation in commodity derivatives, especially in future in the industrialized countries like America and Britain. All the countries opened the avenue for introduction of future trading in commodities in 19th century. Major commodity future trading platforms opened in the world are Chicago Board of Trade (NYBOT) and New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). A commodity derivative is a contract which derives its value from an underlying commodity. The main purpose of future markets is to provide a mechanism for successfully managing the price risk associated with commodities, future markets provide a platform for buyers and sellers to trade in a huge number of diverse commodities such as agricultural products, metal and energy. These markets are not only meant for hedgers, speculators and arbitrages but also for retail investors who want to trade in booming commodity market. This article would present the commodity markets and risk management with special reference to Imperial Tobacco Company.

The working capital management is an integral part of overall corporate management. A working capital sphere throws a welcome challenge and opportunity to a financial manager, in view of the multiplicity of factors exerting varied degrees on influence of working capital standards, management has to be alert to the internal, external and environments and constantly plan and review its working capital needs and strategy." It has been stated that there is a direct relationship between working capital needs and scale of sales. The management should maintain the perfect harmony between working capital needs and scale of sales. With an increase in working capital scale is bound to rise in the sales volume. The management should maintain the perfect harmony between targeted volume of sales and size of various constituents of working capital. Proper planning of working capital will enable the management to maintain a proper margin of safety. The need of management of working capital is to ensure the optimum utilization for overall profitability and maximization of shareholder's funds of a business concern. The goal of working capital management is to manage the current assets and liabilities in such a way that an acceptable level of working capital is maintained.

Announcement of Cash Transfer Scheme (CTS) is a landmark step of Indian government. Under this scheme the amount of subsidy will directly transfer to beneficiaries’ bank account.CTS was much awaited scheme in India. Earlier, government of India provided subsidy on so many items i.e. a person get the article at subsidies rate. But now after implementation of this scheme, a person will have to pay full cost of a particular article or service and later on the subsidy amount on that particular thing or service will be deposited directly in his/her bank account . This paper is an attempt to explore that whether implementation of CTS is beneficial or not? The article is showing different aspects of CTS e.g. its merits, drawbacks, controversy with implementation of CTS etc.

With the world-wide expansion of companies and changing technologies, Indian Organizations have realized the importance of corporate training. Training is considered as more of retention tool than a cost. Today, human resource is a source of competitive advantage for all organizations. Therefore the training system in Indian Industry has been changed to create a smarter workforce and yield the best results. With increase in competition, every company wants to optimize the utilization of its resources to yield the maximum possible results. Training department is working along with the organization to fulfill the goal of optimization of its resources. Training is required in every field be it Sales, Marketing, Human Resource, Relationship building, Logistics, Production, Engineering, Information Technology etc. With the increase in awareness of corporate training in Indian Industry, a gradual shift from general to specific approach has been realized. The focus of present study is Soft Skills. The main aim of this research is to compare the pre-post presentation skills training data of the employees in the software industry. It also highlights the effectiveness of these trainings for software employees.

Creative accounting is the process whereby accountants use their knowledge of accounting rules to manipulate the figures reported in the accounts of a business (Amat, O. et al, 1999). Corporate governance is concerned with the relationships between a business’s management and shareholders and lenders and its other stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers, and the community in which it activates. The connection between this topic and creative accounting was debated in the literature since the latter occurrence is related to the weakness of the first. While the first concept is treated and accepted as having a general meaning, the latter is considered to be controversial in terms of meanings and acceptance. Through this study the researcher has tried to throw light on the existence of creative accounting in the Indian listed companies and the role of corporate governance as a control system, to reduce the effects of creative accounting on the reliability of accounting information directed to the stakeholder’s interests. This paper is organized as follows; Section one describes theoretical framework proposed for the understanding of creative accounting practices and income smoothing which is a form of creative accounting, in the Section two the researcher presents the evidence of the existence of creative accounting in the Indian listed companies, section three presents the literature review of the relationship between corporate governance and creative accounting, in the section four an attempt has been made to find the role of corporate governance in detecting creative accounting practices.

Non-Performing Assets (NPA) of the Indian Public Sector Banks become enormous burden. Analising the Budgets of various years, it reveals that, despite the Indian economy bottoming out, the stock of bad debts of banks has increased. This poses serious risk to the financial sector. In order to solve the problems, restructuring of NPA has been made since twenty years. But, our study has proved that the steps of restructuring of NPA was not prudent in Indian context. The institutions involved in restructuring has paid attention in transferring of loans, rather than realising .The sectors acquired such loans are highly leveraged. Thus, both the borrowers and lenders had played win-win game in the meantime as there would not be any deterioration of the assets quality of the banks and the borrowers would get enough time to repay the loans. Though, Rules has been amended from April, 2015 but the effects of mis-stepping cannot be ignored.

The quotation above is one of the search results we got when looking up the word performance in a dictionary. Applying this to the business world and the concept of performance measurement we can give measuring performance the meaning of measuring to what degree a business/organization fulfills its goals. This can be compared to the goal-attainment approach on effectiveness, which defines effectiveness as the extent to which organizations succeed in meeting their goals. However, the concept of performance measurement is more complicated than that present two dimensions of performance .Effectiveness is one of the dimensions, efficiency the other .Effectiveness is described as to the extent shareholder and/or stakeholder requirements are met and efficiency as, provided a given level of stakeholder satisfaction, how economically the business resources are utilized. In its broader meaning they define performance measurement as “the process of quantifying the efficiency and effectiveness of action”. Even if the broader meaning remains the same, the substance of performance measurement changes overtime. The idea of what should be measured, how it should be used and in which context are far from constant.

The web is having a significant impact on how firms interact with each other and their customers. Every trade activity depends upon the consistency that how the firms involved in fulfilling customer request interact with each. Operations performed at any level need proper coordination between the stages involved. Supply chain works as a backbone. High transaction costs between partners, poor information availability, and the challenges of managing complex interfaces between functional organizations are all dissolving on the web. In today’s scenario, it has become mandatory for the companies to manage their costs. Information is the key driver in whole the supply chain which helps in managing the costs and fulfilling the customer request. Things are changing continuously with the involvement of web in the operations. While the management of information flows has always been a key aspect of supply chain management, the rapid growth of web-based information transfer between companies, their suppliers, and their customers has decidedly increased the importance of information management in creating effective supply chains. Indeed, the Internet has emerged as a most cost-effective means of driving supply chain integration.

It is so difficult in the today’s market find well knowledge, skilled and highly motivated people. Human resource is one of the most important part of any organization or business. Their skills, creativity, ability cannot be replaced by machines. We can lose efficiency in work if no qualitative people. At all levels and areas of the business or firm human efficiency is required with machine efficiency. Human can work without machine but machine can’t. So, industry like advertising and direct marketing for instance human talent is more valuable among other else. No machine can ever come up with a unique advertising idea without the human input. Thus companies must learn to recognize and appreciate the value of their employees. It is worth and capital investments. it is necessary that some method of quantifying the worth of the knowledge, motivation, skill, and contribution of the human elements as well as that of rganizational processes, like recruitment, selection, training, etc which are used to build and support these human aspects, is properly developed. HRA denotes this process of quantification/ measurement of in the books of accounts at their purchase price. Physical assets are such as land, building, plant and machinery. It is recorded in the books of accounts at their purchase price. Now depreciation on these assets is considered as the cost for the particular year and debited to profit and loss accounts and the remaining balance is shown in the balance sheet as written down value of the assets. Hence, on similar lines the human resources should also be evaluated, recorded in the books, operated and disclosed in the financial statements. The article highlights the significance of Human resource valuation and methods to measures human assets value. The article finds out the organizations those have tried to implement human resource accounting. The article depicts the advantages of human resource valuation.

Worldwide, the micro, small and medium enterprises have been accepted as the engine of economic growth and for promoting equitable development. MSMEs can play a catalytic role in low-cost employment generation, poverty alleviation, rapid industrialization and economic development. The support systems established by the governments are instrumental in nurturing the growth of MSMEs. The contribution of MSME in the development of our economy is extraordinary as it contribute 8% of GDP, 45% of total manufactured output. Not only its contribution to total export is 40% but it also generates employment for 60 million persons by operating 26 million enterprises and 6000 products. This paper attempts to highlight the regulatory framework established in India for effective implementation of ideas and policies regarding MSMEs. The Central government has implemented a number of rules and regulation through the notification in the official gazette. Some of the recent measures include enactment of the MSMEs Development Act, 2006, amendments to the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, announcement of a package for promotion of MSEs, launching of new/ innovative schemes under National Competitiveness Programme and Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme to generate employment opportunities etc. Despite government’s support system the MSMEs are facing so many problems generated through the external as well as internal elements. In our present paper an attempt has been made to discuss some of the major bottlenecks impeding the growth of the MSME sector followed by some suggestions that should be included in policies and regulation for MSME so that the same could contribute more in the development of our economy.

Foreign Direct Investment is a major source of non-debt financial resource for the economic development of India. FDI plays an important role in the long-term development of a country not only as a source of capital but also for enhancing competitiveness of the domestic economy through transfer of technology, strengthening infrastructure, raising productivity and generating new employment opportunities. Due to liberalization and deregulation of financial markets, increased role of investors willing to invest abroad and increased use of modern technology internet – have all results in international capital flow in India. Recently in 2011 India permitted 100% FDI in single brand retail and in 2012 51% FDI permitted in multi brand. FDI in retail sector can expand markets by reducing transaction and transformation costs of business through adoption of advanced supply chain and give benefits to suppliers and consumers. Foreign investment inflows are expected to increase by more than two times and cross the U.S. $60 Billion mark in financial year 2014 -15 as foreign investor start gaining confidence in India’s new Government. FDI has also ensured a number of employment opportunities by aiding the selling up of industrial units in various corners of India. Initially India was conservative regarding FDI; it imposed restriction on foreign companies to limit their share in equity capital of their Indian subsidiaries but over the time Government of India gradually liberalized foreign investment in various sectors. FDI leads to increase in profits, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), aggregate employment and foreign trade of the recipient country. FDI to India doubled to US $4.48 Billion in January, 2015, the highest inflow in last 29 months, from US $2.18 Billion in January, 2014. There is a strong relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth.

The process to make changes in Indian corporate law in the wake of the changing economic and business environment began in 2004 and as a result a landmark piece of legislation came into existence in the form of Companies Act 2013. The new Act is progressive and forward looking which promises to raise the level of corporate governance and intends to deal with relevant issues. Also there is significant focus on corporate reporting framework to insure relevance and consistency in financial information. Wide range of changes in provisions related to disclosure of information has been introduced with an objective to strengthen the internal controls as well as to meet the international requirements. Introduction of new concepts such as one person company, web based reporting, mandatory internal audit, reporting on internal financial controls, reporting on frauds and corporate social responsibility gives a contemporary outlook to the Act whereas increase in disclosure requirements and provision of enormous penalties for non compliances reflects the zest for reforms in corporate laws. These changes are going to affect Companies and stakeholders by one way or the other. Hence, this paper aims to study the corporate reporting framework as provided in Chapter IX (Accounts of Companies) and Chapter X (Audit and Auditors) of the new Act, its implications and practical problems arising in the process of implementation.

Mergers & Acquisitions is a buzz word in today’s business and economic world .This research paper explains the various purposes because of which a firm may want/have to go in for a merger or acquisition. This will include internal factors of the firm explaining the intended outcomes of a merger or an acquisition. Next, the various motivations for the M&A process are explained, which are mainly the factors in the external environment which may motivate a firm to opt for a merger or an acquisition. This paper further also explains the various reasons or causes that may lead to the failure of M&A process. In addition, the various obstacles/hindrances as well as facilitators for the M&A process are explained, which may either aid or hinder the progress of the M&A process. Next, the various theories formulated by economists and researchers have been discussed in brief and the more relevant ones are explained in detail in this paper. Lastly, the Paper identifies the HR issues in managing M&A process, which may affect the M&A process positively or negatively, depending on the manner these issues have been dealt with by the management.

Performance analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weakness of the Organizations from the available accounting data and financial statements. The focus of Performance analysis is on key data in the financial statements. The analysis of financial statements is a process of evaluating relationship between component parts of financial statements to obtain a better understanding of the firm’s position and performance. This Paper is an effort to examine the growth and performance of urban credit cooperative banks of Ahmadabad district of Gujarat with special reference to Ahmadabad mercantile cooperative banks Ltd. Ahmadabad. This paper also presents the section wise analysis of the business performance of the Cooperative banks of Ahmadabad. All the data has been complied manually for five years starting from 2009 to 2014. The study employs exploratory research design which relies on secondary data. The analyzed data reveals that there was significant growth in the deposits mobilization, membership, loans and advances, working capital, reserves, owned funds, Total income, Total expenditure and over dues with reference to Ahmadabad mercantile cooperative banks Ltd. Ahmadabad.

Tourism is a multi dimensional human activity having wide impact in different sectors of economy. Tourism motivates the development of different sectors of economy. Today, tourism is developing like an industry and every county in the world has started to explore its natural and cultural magnificence. Tourism is just a reward of hospitality and there is no direct competition as in the case of other areas of business. The Himalayan region of Uttarakhand is a popular tourism destination. Uttarakhand is recognized as a tourism hub, dozens of small cities and sites of the state are well known tourism destination across the Globe. Every year a remarkable numbers of national & international tourists visit the natural landscapes and adventures of the state. In the era of globalization, tourism flourishing like an industry so, it becomes more important to present our tourism welcome services in a strategic way i.e. providing services of global standard.

This paper deals with the coping strategies at workplace. As now a day the main problem faced by the most of the organization is the various health issues of the employees due to stress. This stress is basically due the overburden of work at the workplace. In today’s die hard competition era every organization is trying to be at the top most position at any cost, whether it is regarding the health of the employees. The workplace stress should be properly managed, for this the top level management should take proper steps and pay more attention towards the employees. This paper highlights the coping strategies for stress at workplace which should be undertaken by the organization for the sake of employees health. In this paper the study was done on 120 employees working as IT professionals in different organizations to find out what are the ways in which they deal with their workplace stress.

Quite Often in many companies we will have at least some unwelcomed and unproductive friction with others. There are difficulties to be worked through even in the best relationships. In more troubled relationships, people problems may loom large enough to seriously undermine both morale and productivity. Of all the problems we encounter in Corporate life, people problems are generally toughest to solve. Difficult as task problems may be, most of us would choose them over people problems. Besides when a task problem I especially difficult to handle, it is usually so because on or more painful people problems are embedded in it. People problems in many company is the outcome of people styles at work. It is, therefore, significant to understand the people styles at work from the behavioral angle.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is becoming more and more important day by day for various perspectives of business activities like enterprise itself, towards consumers, employees, shareholders, community, and government. Corporate Social Responsibility is the commitment by the business to perform business activities ethically and to add economic development along with increasing the quality of workforce and of the local community and society at large. The concept of CSR is applicable to all business enterprise irrespective of their nature, size, area of operation, profitability and so on. India`s new Companies Act 2013 (Companies Act) has introduced several new provisions which change the face of Indian corporate business". The objective of paper is to presents a theory of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in current scenario.

This research paper explores the impact of culture on leadership practices in two countries, India and USA which have difference in culture and economy. Transformational leadership behaviors of Indian and USA business leaders were measured with the Leadership Practice Inventory (LPI) developed by Kouzes & Posner (2003) [15] [16] to assess the five leadership practices. Hofstede’s[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]cultural dimensions were used to determine and examine cultural related values to analyse the impact on leadership practices of business leaders of these two nations. The total population of the survey was 77. This population includes 45 Indian Business Leaders and 32 USA Business Leaders. The total response received was 59 which include 33 Indian Business Leaders and 26 USA Business Leaders. The population taken in the present study is limited to the top level business leaders such as President, Vice-President, CEO or Managing Director of a large business concern of India and USA. This research paper will explore the impact of culture on leadership practices in these two countries.

Profitability performance plays a vital role in the financial appraisal of an individual company. Generally, in most of the companies funds are required and procured in order to operate the profitability. Besides discharging its responsibilities to its customers, its employees, and its community and perhaps to the business organisation itself as a total organisation, the paramount obligation of a firm is to use the funds entrusted to it by the owners to their maximum advantage. That is why the usefulness and validity of the effort to maximise the profits or return on investment in gaining increasing acceptance as a prime measure of management’s performance in increasing the earning capacity of the business organisation. In this paper, some aspects of profitability performance have been explained in a layman style.

In finance, a loan is a debt provided by one entity (organization or individual) to another entity at an interest rate, and evidenced by a note which specifies, among other things, the principal amount, interest rate, and date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset(s) for a period of time, between the lender and the borrower. In a loan, the borrower initially receives or borrows an amount of money, called the principal, from the lender, and is obligated to pay back orrepay an equal amount of money to the lender at a later time.

In 2014, the Government of India unveiled a far-reaching, visionary blueprint of a Digital India, one where the country has a Digital Infrastructure as a utility to every citizen, Governance and Services on demand, and Digital empowerment of citizens. Digital Technologies which include Cloud Computing and Mobile Applications have emerged as catalysts for rapid economic growth and citizen empowerment across the globe. Digital technologies are being increasingly used by us in everyday lives from retail stores to government offices. They help us to connect with each other and also to share information on issues and concerns faced by us. In some cases they also enable resolution of those issues in near real time. The objective of the Digital India is to come out with innovative ideas and practical solutions to realise Hon’ble Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of a digital India. Prime Minister Modi envisions transforming our nation and creating opportunities for all citizens by harnessing digital technologies. His vision is to empower every citizen with access to digital services, knowledge and information. This Group will come up with policies and best practices from around the world to make this vision of a digital India a reality. In this article digital India and its aspects for the development of Country has been explained in such a manner so that a layman can understand easily.

The purpose of this paper was to examine the cash management techniques adopted by small and medium level enterprises. Cash is the basic input required to keep the organization running on a continuous basis. It can be compared as with blood in the human body which gives life and strength to it. Similarly cash keeps business concern as a vital entity. Therefore an organization should hold sufficient cash balance-neither more nor less. Since excessive cash remaining idle which in turn increases the cost without contributing anything towards the profitability of the organization, on the other hand shortage of cash will disturb the trading or manufacturing operations of the business. In other words, it can be stated the higher the level of cash greater is the cost of holding it, in the form of loss of interest which could have been earned by investing it in the securities or by reducing the interest burden by paying off the loan taken if any. Therefore for smooth functioning and higher profitability effective cash management is of paramount importance. It is the duty of finance manager not only to utilize cash properly but to determine minimum and maximum level of cash, so that profitability can be maximized without affecting the liquidity of the firm. In present industrial world cash is one of the important elements of working capital. It is most liquid asset in all current assets of an organisation.

Expenses associated with the main activity of the business are referred to as operating expenses. Expenses associated with a peripheral activity are non-operating or other expenses. For example, a retailer's interest expense is a non-operating expense. Costs that are matched with revenues on the income statement. For example, Cost of Goods Sold is an expense caused by Sales. Insurance Expense, Wages Expense, Advertising Expense, Interest Expense are expenses matched with the period of time in the heading of the income statement. Under the accrual basis of accounting, the matching is NOT based on the date that the expenses are paid. Generally, expenses are debited to a specific expense account and the normal balance of an expense account is a debit balance. When an expense account is debited, the account credited might be Cash (if cash was paid at the time of the expense), Accounts Payable (if cash will be paid after the expense is recorded), or Prepaid Expense (if cash was paid before the expense was recorded.)

The concept of labour welfare has gained a lot of importance in today's workplace scenario. Due to exploitative management practices, workers started to revolt against the social norms that had existed in the past times. This made the task of a personnel manager very challenging by bringing into sharp focus the need for labour welfare in India which can diminish the negative effects of large scale industrialization. Labour welfare play a very important role as it is responsible for enabling the workers live a richer and more satisfactory life and get motivated through it. This research paper focuses on the historical development of labour welfare in India. It will also highlight the various labour welfare services adopted in India to motivate their workers.

Liquidity is an important in a business firm as blood in a human body. Each and every business concern should have adequate funds to meet its meet its day-to-day expenses and to finance current assets viz., debtors, receivables and inventories. The present work therefore is a modest attempt in this direction by undertaking a study of working capital management. The current study has tried to examine the sources used by the companies to finance their working capital requirements and to analyze and evaluate the working capital management. The study has also examined the liquidity position of the companies. The study analyzed the liquidity position of a limited sample consisting of only five companies i.e. Nestle, HUL, Britannia, ITC and Dabur. The study of working capital is based on only one tool i.e. Ratio Analysis. Further the study is based on last 10 years Annual Reports of the five companies taken into consideration. As only FMCG sector was studied so the findings could only be generalized to this sector’s firms.

Business organization does not exist in vacuum; they are an integral part of the society. In order to serve our society in a better manner a company has to maintain ethical standards. In India, CSR has evolved to encompass employees, customers, stakeholders and sustainable development or corporate citizenship. CSR taken up by various genres of companies primarily focuses on poverty alleviation, environmental protection and sustained development. Companies are taking initiatives for developing infrastructure in rural areas. Government, social activists and the media hold companies accountable for the outcome of their social activities. Numerous organizations grade companies on the performance of their corporate social responsibility. As a result CSR has emerged as an inevitable concern for business managers in every organization. The way to keep up the ethical business standards is by examining the moral character of business people, employees, and consumers and sticking to the fundamental moral codes of trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship.