The economic growth of any nation depends upon the harnessing and exploitation of human resources as well as non-human resources along with their blending in a proper ratio. In the emerging economic scenario, one of the important ingredients in the field of accounting and finance is Human Resource Accounting. Human beings constitute the most crucial asset of an organization. However, the value of this asset does not appear in the financial statements. The importance of human resources is by and large ignored by the traditional accounting system. In view of the growing importance of HRA, many public and private enterprises in India are voluntarily disclosing information about their human resources. Since the beginning of globalization of business and service, Human elements are becoming more important input for the success of any enterprise. It helps the management to frame policies for human resources. Measurement of the investment in human resource will help to evaluate the charge in human resource investment over a period of time. Human resource accounting is one of the latest concepts adopted by Indian enterprises in recent times. Most of the enterpriser which follow HRA spare separate section in their annual reports for a detailed account of their human resource. This paper attempts to highlight the applications of Human Resource Accounting in HPCL. It also studies disclosure pattern of HRV in HPCL.

Banks play a very important role in the economic development of every modern state. Banks operate at the heart of the modern economy. The scenario has changed since 1990. The decade of 90s witnessed a sea change in the working of banking in India. Technology made tremendous impact by introducing ‘anywhere banking’ and ‘anytime banking’. The financial sector now operates in a more competitive environment than before. In 2010 HDFC Bank replaces ICICI as Number 1 private retail bank in India. The research paper is an effort to  study the Growth HDFC Bank limited as a new private bank, so a study of Growth analysis of the bank for a period of 12 years, i.e. from 2005 to 2013 is made. The main parameters of growth in banks are No. of offices, No. of employees, Capital and Reserves & Surplus, Deposits, Investments, Advances, Interest income, Other income and Interest expended and the results reveal that in terms of the parameters defined HDFC Bank’s growth is increasing year by year.

Self Help Group (SHG) movement is affecting the social dynamics of village life as seen never before. Most women and men reported that after their participation in SHGs they are more respected in their own families and society in general. Their contribution to the family is valued and the family in turn supports them to undertake activities like self earning these. The Women also now voice their opinion in family decisions and get heard. Men are now encouraging the women to step out of the household to earn income and women are being given increasing say in the way in which the household income is spent. But even more important, the women themselves are empowered by the SHG movement. This group gives small loans to its members from the common fund. The purpose of loan, amount, rate of interest, schedule of repayment etc are to be decided by the group itself. SHGs are generally formed by a reasonably educated local person who explains the poor people the benefits of thrift, internal lending and the advantages of forming groups. This person is known as ‘facilitator’ or ‘animator’ and usually known to the bank. Effectiveness of the SHG programme, namely, active participation of members in community matters, has the potential to change village life in India. Hence, the SHG programme, although primarily aimed at poverty alleviation, is resulting in even more fundamental and desirable change in terms of social empowerment of women, empowerment of their families through higher incomes and better choices and finally in the betterment of community life regarding the poor rural people.

In this exploratory study, the authors explore the field of social advertising or advertising in social media. This is the emerging issue in the field of advertising and it is expected to grow at a very fast pace. The authors look at the various media available within social media and identify important issues for the advertisers. They present a research proposition based on the analysis of the news, timeline, and historical evolution and proceed to study this subject further using case study approach. The authors undertake case studies and undertake study on the evolution of the social media advertising.

Indian population is one sixth of the world’s population(approximately). Among this, ten percent of the population possesses a large proportion of the total wealth of India. Interesting fact is that four Indians were ranked within the top ten of the world’s billionaires list in March 2008. This implies that a wide gap exists between the rich and the poor in India. In the past few years, India has demonstrated a welcome willingness to innovate and to think afresh about financial services to alleviate poverty. The poverty reduction has become the object of unprecedented attention at national and international level. .Currently, Indian economy is at a decisive juncture, poor contributes on an average of 26% of the total population. Therefore creating self employment opportunities is one way of attacking poverty. There are over 24 crore people below the poverty line in our country. The Scheme of Microfinance has been found as an effective instrument for lifting the poor above the level of poverty by providing them increased self-employment opportunities and making them credit worthy. Thus the concept of micro finance gained growing recognition as an effective tool in improving the quality of life and living standards of many poor people. The particular paper focuses on micro finance institutions and their role in promoting the rural poor. This also gives them an opportunity to be able to self sustain themselves.

Several attempts have been made to build an understanding of stock prices’ movements. Earlier fundamental and technical analyses were the only two techniques which were used by analysts to predict stock prices. These two techniques gained attraction of investors and analysts for a long time. In early 1980s, gradually some researchers tried to develop models for estimation of stock prices using econometric techniques. The present study aims to analyze investors’ perceptions and preferences regarding various trading strategies using an opinion survey. The survey results show that most of the respondents use both fundamental as well as technical analysis while trading in Indian stock markets. The observations conclude that respondents are not aware of the jargons used to describe seasonality. But once the concepts are explained they clearly state their agreement or disagreement.

In the globalised era businesses are facing a tough competition, customer relationship management (CRM) is a new marketing strategy has the ability to maximize customer satisfaction and the profits of the organization. In this study shows the concept of CRM, Factors affecting CRM, Various tools of implementing CRM, impact of CRM and other important concept related to CRM. While times have been tough, and things are still far from easy, many businesses have turned to CRM to help maximize revenues and keep costs low. This more holistic approach to CRM, supported by a comprehensive and powerful CRM solution, is helping organizations to focus their efforts on those customers and prospects that are most valuable to them. Providing a cost effective way to drive revenues up and costs down, businesses moving to more sophisticated solutions typically see a fast return on investment coupled with a low total cost of ownership. So CRM is emerging as a new marketing strategy for facing global challenges and growing the business because with the help of making a healthy relationship with the customers, they always retained and new customers will also increases. And customer will be satisfied as well as happy.

Today’s business environment is very dynamic and undergoes rapid changes as a result of technological innovation, increase awareness and demand from customers. Business organizations, especially the banking industry of the 21st century operates in a complex and competitive environment characterized by changing conditions and highly unpredictable economic climate. The research was conducted to study the factors that enable adoption of banking technology among customers of four private sector banks of India from Bikaner and Jaipur regions of Rajasthan. A questionnaire was developed based on four banking technology-ATM Banking, Branch Banking, Internet Banking and Mobile/Tele Banking. The data was collected from 500 bank customers through structured questionnaire method out of which 403 replied it. Simple frequency percentage is adopted as the statistical measure and hypothesis testing is analyzed by chi-square test. The result reveals that demographic variables such as sex, age, qualification and income play a positive role in adoption of banking technology. Also it was found that there is a significant difference between adoptions of banking technologies by the customers of different private banks. All the banks are using Information technology as a strategic weapon to remain competitive against other. It shows that banking technology help in increasing customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, improve growth and performance of the banks.

Mobile Banking has been in existence since more than a decade. Mobile banking (also known as M-banking, sms-banking) is a term used for performing balance checks, account transaction, payments etc. via a mobile device such as a mobile phone. Mobile banking is an obvious extension of online banking as cell phones get more powerful and begin to mimic computers. Mobile Banking would be increasingly used from “Building better customer relations, reducing cost, achieving new revenue stream” etc to that of “connecting with the new customer segments, enhancing customer relationships to improve loyalty and reduce attrition, create new ways to generate lead in the process of prospecting, real time experience of bi-directional customer experience etc.” And needless to say the technological revolution would play a major role in days to come.

Globalization has led to a lot of activity across borders of countries leading to a mobile workforce. Today’s workforce is more diverse than ever Employees are a diverse mix of ages, races, religions, backgrounds and personalities. And hence it has intensified the diversity related interventions in organizations. Organizations normally adhere to this to satisfy legal requirements. However it is a very reactive and contingent approach as a source of competitive advantage. A high performance organization needs to convert groups into teams consisting of dreamers, thinkers, planners, organizers, controllers, motivators and doers. Success can be achieved only when the hidden potential of diversity is realized. In this present paper a theoretical background is outlined to assess the importance of managing workforce diversity as a response to the shifts and twists in the business Olympiad and strategies to overcome the challenges faced by managers in welcoming the diverse workforce.

There exists only limited research investigating microfinance customers’ reactions on CSR initiatives of financial institutions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the consumers of selected microfinance institution and some new age banks in Rajasthan perceive the financial services provided in the context of well known corporate social responsibility (CSR) principles. It investigates whether consumers of microfinance under the CSR banner have repurchase intentions and if so why they do that? A representative sample of 301 banking customers from ICICI and other banks located in Rajasthan was
recruited through a microfinance institution funded by the above mentioned banks. The approach of the study was to determine consumer experience and contentment with regard to the CSR strategy of the banks. A cluster sampling approach was followed, with each State representing a cluster. The questionnaire was designed to collect the contentment and discontentment of customers. Consumers were content with the level of CSR activity. However the research found only a weak link between contentment and purchase intention. The study seems to suggest that it is not the CSR fit of microfinance and banks which is bringing rewards in the form of consumer re purchase. This is the research examining microfinance customers’ contentment in response to different CSR initiatives of Banks in Rajasthan and the potential link between CSR contentment and purchase intention. It has implications for banks developing microfinance strategies under the CSR banner.

Permission marketing is a term introduced by S. Godin in 1999 in his book “Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends and Friends into Customers”. According to him this is a method of selling goods and services to the prospect who voluntarily agrees in advance to receive marketing information. This practice is considered as a time and cost saving approach for bothconsumer and marketer. The objectives of this paper are 1) to analyze the concept of permission marketing and 2) to identify the future prospect of the concept for Indian marketing. The case studies of Club Mahindra (CM), India’s leading holiday company, with two other companies are done in order to understand the prospect for Indian markets.

This paper is divided in four parts first is introduction about investment. Second is importance of investment in today's competitive market conditions. Third part of paper is includes factors favourable for investment. Fourth part includes different investment avenues available in India for investment. Last part of this paper is conclusions.

Financial Inclusion is the tool which covers the unbanked population into the inclusion group. Accessibility to financial services by the poor people can help them to come out of the poverty. Although in millions poor people have access to free loans and other financial services still there are large section of the section of the society which comes in financial exclusion group. In the whole world the importance of improved financial inclusion and consumer protection is recognized. Many financial services are provided by the banks but still there are many challenges come in the path of the financial inclusion. There are many reasons such as no proper system of repayment, time consuming, high cost and financial illiteracy for which acts as a barrier in the way of financial inclusion. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of financial literacy which is necessary for financial inclusion.

This paper reviews the current level and pattern of access to finance for India’s rural poor and examines some of the key microfinance approaches in India, taking a close look at the most dominant among these, the Self Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage initiative. It empirically analyzes the success with which SHG Bank Linkage has been able to reach the poor, examines the reasons behind this, and the lessons learned. The analysis in the paper draws the main findings and implications of the paper are as follows: India’s rural poor currently have very little access to finance from formal sources. Microfinance approaches have tried to fill the gap. Among these, the growth of SHG Bank Linkage has been particularly remarkable, but outreach remains modest in terms of the proportion of poor households served. The paper recommends that, if SHG Bank Linkage is to be scaled-up to offer mass access to finance for the rural poor, then much more attention will need to be paid towards: the promotion of high quality SHGs that are sustainable, clear targeting of clients, and ensuring that banks linked to SHGs price loans. The paper offers some suggestions on what it would take to reform these institutions with an eye to improving access for the poor.

Frugal Innovation is a multi-faceted diamond in the globalised and competitive business scenario. Instead of tapping same resources, alternative resources should be found and utilised to meet demands. The present study tries to understand the importance of frugal innovations in boosting entrepreneurial sector by assessing the extent of usage, the benefits, challenges and the improvements needed in such innovations through survey among 50 technopreneurs of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala. Most of the respondents opined that the main benefit of frugal innovations is ‘creation of more geographical brands’. Around 50 percent stated that the main benefits are effective utilisation of resources, more employment opportunities and cost reduction and complained about the low competitive advantage of frugal innovations.

Even with latest technology, it is still difficult to achieve modernity and efficiency at the same moment. In a former view, it is believed that an organization must choose one aspect from efficiency and flexibility to achieve. Sometimes, some organizations focus on one of the two aspects, which lead to serious consequence on the other one. However, many organizations found there was a loss of knowledge due to the redundant employees. In order to do well in both modernity and efficiency, an increasing number of organizations are interested in implementing two or more information systems together. For example, in terms of enterprise-knowledge management system, it uses technologies for storing structured and unstructured knowledge, locating people tacit knowledge, combining with other enterprise systems, such as ERP and CRM. Recently, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and Knowledge Management (KM) systems are being widely implemented across organizations simultaneously. A case of a knowledge-based organization presents that the simultaneous implementing ERP system and KM system can foster the balance of modernity and efficiency to a certain extent.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), now taken to be accepted as a means to achieve sustainable development of companies, was for the first time made a mandatory requirement to be complied with by companies in India, when provisions for the same were included in the Companies Act, 2013. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has now notified the said section 135 mandating CSR activities by eligible companies, and the Rules therefore, to come into effect from the 1st of April 2014. This write up discusses the law contained in section 135 of the Act of 2013, and the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules 2014 (CSR Rules) as recently notified by notification dated 27th February 2014.An ideal business environment has long been understood to be one where the businesses interact with the society and both serve the needs of one another. Thus Corporate also have to act socially responsible, and contribute to the social good. Corporate Social Responsibility is about integrating economic, environmental and social objectives with a company's operations and growth. Experts say that an organization can accomplish sustainable development if CSR becomes an integral part of its business processes.

After independence there is a remarkable growth in the higher education system of India. Management Education is in the limelight in the recent past and has drawn the attention of the industry as well as entrepreneurs. Management education has become a major profession not only in India but also in the whole world. Management education needs a critical examination as only developing talent can take India forward. The post liberalization period witnessed a greater need for professional education. The 21st century promises to harbinger a different environment for human development in all walks of life, including education. It is going to be knowledge-driven century, resulting in a need of greater reform in all education related activities like teaching, learning, evaluating, natural production, curriculum revision, administration production, etc. The methodology adopted is conceptual, analytical. A range of published literature related to the topic is thoroughly searched. The paper examines the viewpoints of various scholars with regard to the role of management education in India. Based on the literature survey, an original conceptual model for management education in India is proposed. In management education, quality has become a necessity & circumstances require total quality management. To make India an intellectual capital of the world we have to rethink about the management education & efforts should be made to create a dynamic environment. In this background, this paper attempts to explore a mechanism to stimulate development of new curricular elements and methods in management education. It also describes the emerging strategy to make teaching methodology in management education more vibrant and in sync with the changes in the business and economic environment. This paper examines the issues that need to be addressed and a possible direction so that management education can be rejuvenated.

This research paper tried to understand importance of training and development programs conducted in different automobile units PCMC region. The present industrial scenario indicates that competition has imposed high responsibility on every organization faces to turned all the available resources to tune with time and technology to satisfy ever increasing expectations of their customers. Improving human resource performance as per the requirements is challenging task, which can be improved through Training and development programs. This paper assesses this need based on primary data. It is experienced that it is continuous process to improve caliber of the employees to achieve the organization’s goals. It helped employees to acquire job related skills, attitudes and knowledge.

Integrated marketing communication (IMC) emerges as a powerful tool that guides practitioners in developing and implementing marketing communication more consistently and effectively. This concept becomes one of the most significant examples of development in the marketing discipline. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is consumer oriented approach rather than organizational oriented that focuses on organizational needs. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) has moved beyond communication to the process of using promotional elements in a unified way so that a synergistic communication effect is created and achieved. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is associated with some positive results like Brand Awareness, Customer Satisfaction, Brand Loyalty, Brand Equity , Positive Brand Image, Unique Brand Association, Greater Profitability, Increased Sales and Cost Savings. The purpose of this review paper is to put light on various facets of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) especially what is IMC, its concept, importance of IMC, IMC planning process, growth of IMC with respect to Indian business scenario. But there are some barriers to successful implementation of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) program. The challenges, future of integrated marketing communication (IMC) for business and scopes of integrated marketing communication (IMC) with the context of strategies, implementation, and audit have also been discussed.

This paper is based on the emerging trends of Consumer Behavior in India. Through this paper an attempt has been made to identify the different trends of consumer behaviour and analyze the impact of changing consumer behaviour on growth of business. The result of the study shows that with the change in technology, the consumer purchasing behaviour is also changed and is influenced by various cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. Today, most of the consumer purchase through online, in bulk and according to their lifestyle.

Absenteeism is one of the major problems that Indian industries, facing and rate of absenteeism varies from Indian to industry. Still then due importance is not given to the problem of absenteeism in industries in India. Absenteeism is nothing but the habit or practice of remaining absent. This paper provides an insight into the absenteeism problem in the organization. The findings have implication for measure to overcome the Labour absenteeism.

Banking is a customer oriented service industry which has witnessed a radical shift in the market power. The effectiveness and efficiency have become the buzzword of the success of banking operations and its proper functioning particularly with respect to providing services to the customers is its primary goal. The service quality gap in tangibility dimension indicates that the gap is more in the case of the facilities of bank are visually appealing. The service quality gap in reliability dimension shows that the gap is more in the case of bank employees provide services at right time. The service quality gap in empathy dimension indicates that the gap is more in the case of bank hours convenient to all customers. The service quality gap in assurance dimension shows that the gap is more in the case of bank employees have the knowledge to answer customer questions. The service quality gap in responsiveness dimension indicates that the gap is more in the case of bank employees are ready to respond to customers request. The regression analysis shows that responsiveness, reliability, assurance, tangible and empathy dimensions of private sector banks have a positive and significant impact on customer’s satisfaction at one per cent level.

Financial reporting is a way of presenting financial information of the business entity to the users (like-Government, managers, investors, debt providers, employees, society, etc.) of it or at large to the external world. It is a process under which business transactions are recorded and accounting information through financial statements are reported at the end of each accounting year. The book keepers are expected to record the business transactions in a systematic way and chronological order, whereas the accountants are expected to prepare financial statements on the basis of records maintained by book keepers and in accordance with the provisions laid down in the Companies Act, prevailing industry practices, national and international accounting standards and regarding guidelines issued by SEBI or any other regulatory agency. Financial reporting system is not merely a process of communicating financial information by way of financial statements but it includes so many other activities like disclosure of interim unaudited financial results, financial forecasts, future planning and news releases. These disclosures are either required as per prevailing industry practices or as per regulatory guidelines issued by different agencies.

It is implicated that the leadership of an organization need not only to be successful today, but they also need to be successful tomorrow to stay in control and to flourish. The quality control and quality assurance process are difficult to continue for a longer period in most organizations. They need to establish an awareness of the sustainability factors into processes of their management and business practices whether internal or external in order to be judged as successful in corporate decision-making and business behavior in organizational performance in the long term. Sometimes, the achievement in organizational performance is the outcome of successful and conscious leadership, while it at other times may be the outcome of poor and inadequate leadership. The present study is based on the facts that may describe and explain the connection between these two views. Besides this, it is limited to corporate level decision making and organizational behavior in relation to leadership effectiveness and organizational performance. This research paper throws light on descriptive model that deal with the components of leadership effectiveness in modern business organizational performance. It also undertakes views of affluent management practice related to the direct impact of the leadership in organizational performance.

The Indian oil and gas sector is one the six core industries in India. It occupies an important place in the economy of the country because of its contribution to the industrial output, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. The purpose of this study is comparative study of Liquidity Performance of India’s five leading oil and gas companies of India . The five companies taken for purpose of study are ONGC, HPCL, IOCL, Cairn India and Oil India. Liquidity is the company’s ability to meet Current Liabilities .Liquidity applies to the short term obligations which is viewed as time span. Year or less .The Liquidity Position of these companies can be further improved to increase Productivity. Liquidity Ratios are used for liquidity management in every organization in form of current ratio, quick ratio and acid ratio. The data of sample companies is collected from annual reports and balance sheet published by the companies over period of 2009-2013. In this paper ratio analysis is used to explain the analysis in easy manner.

Among all the resources available in the service sector, employees are the most valuable. Employees like other resources of the company possess value because of providing future services. It would be a worthwhile exercise identifying and measuring the value of human capital. With increasing knowledge and skills the economy has become more dependent on its human resources thereby making it an integral part of success. The growth of the software companies all over the world depend on its human and intellectual resources making retention and maintenance of these a primary aim of all employers. These employees
are assets that appreciate in value through the skill, knowledge and experience they acquire while working in the organization. Their departure from the organization makes the business lose an essential element of intellectual capital. This loss becomes great if such intellectual element is acquired by a rival business concern. This makes the valuation of this asset essential for the success of the company and by reporting it to the public it enhances the image of the company. The present study aims to discuss the human resource accounting system followed by private sector companies in India. As Rolta India Limited is one of the leading service and software companies in India therefore the specific objective of the paper is to critically discuss the human resource accounting practices followed by Rolta India Limited.

The purpose of this research study is to scrutinize the service quality dimensions of internet based banking services from customers’ perspective and to analyze the impact of internet banking service quality dimensions on the overall internet banking service quality. Normal payment system is slow and time consuming, as customer needs to wait in queue but electronic transfer system is more convenient, fast & easy way and to save lot of time. The present study is focusing on analyzing the attitude of the customers using these services and to explore the problems and constructive suggestions to popularize this internet base payment system.

Accounting as a discipline is important in all walks of life in today’s business world. Its concepts are applied to all job specialties and are useful in people’s everyday lives. In recent years. It has gained prominence due to the recent wave of globalization resulting in borderless across the globe. In the light of the changing scenario particularly in the wake of globalization and liberalization era, business and industry has to face many challenges like stiff competition, technological up gradation, cost reduction, improvement in quality, customer satisfaction and outsourcing technique. As such, accounting discipline has become more relevant and needs to be fine-tune i9n order to meet he requirements of business and industry. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has recognized the importance of accounting education as a necessity for economic and political development of a nation. Accordingly, the accounting education plays an important role for not only the requirement of industry and business but a milestone of social, political and economic development. Accounting education has been provided as a part of commerce stream in secondary, graduation and post graduation level throughout the country. In recent years, it has become one of the most sought after career option for many students across the country. However, accounting curriculum introduced in different universities is not uniform resulting in quality variation regionally. Against this backdrop, the researcher attempts to examine the various accounting curriculum imparted in different universities based on secondary data available public domain.

Efficiency and profitability of the banking sector in India has assumed primal importance due to intense competition, greater customer demands and changing banking reforms. Since competition cannot be observed directly, various indirect measures in the form of simple indicators or complex models have been devised and used both in theory and in practice. This study attempts to measure the relative performance of Indian banks. For this study, we have used public sector banks and private sector banks. We know that in the service sector, it is difficult to quantify the output because it is intangible. Hence different proxy indicators are used for measuring productivity of banking sector. Segmentation of the banking sector in India was done on bank assets size. Overall, the analysis supports the conclusion that new banks are more efficient that old ones. The public sector banks are not as profitable as other sectors are. It means that efficiency and profitability are interrelated. The key to increase performance depends upon ROA, ROE and NIM.

Ai vegan as an attempt to answer some of the most fundamental question about human existence by understanding the nature of intelligent, but has grown into a scientific and technological field affecting many aspects of commerce and society. Even as AI technology becomes integrated into the framework of everyday life. AI researchers remain focused on the grand challenges of automating intelligence. Artificial intelligence is used in fields of medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery, video games and toys. It can also be used for evaluation in specific problems such as small problems in chemistry, hand
writing recognition and game playing. For this natural language processing (NLP) is used which interacts between computer and human (natural) language. Natural language processing gives AI machines the ability to read and understand the languages that human beings speak. Some straight for word application of natural language processing include information retrieval or text mining and machine translation. The pursuit of ultimate goals of AI design of intelligent artifacts, understanding of human intelligence, abstract understanding of intelligence (possibly super human) continues to have practical consequences in the form of new industries, enhanced functionality for existing system, increased productivity in the quality of life. But the ultimate promises of AI are still decades away and the necessary advances in knowledge and technology will require a continuous fundamental research effort. This paper explores the potential of artificial intelligence techniques particularly for web-based medical applications. In addition, a model for web-based medical diagnosis and prediction is proposed.

An incorporated company is a body corporate, which is not a living person who can sign on its own; hence every company should compulsorily have a common seal which is used for making a physical impression to act as its signature on certain important documents. The company shall have only one common seal and the section 9 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that from the date of incorporation mentioned in the certificate of incorporation, the company shall have a common seal. The affixation of common seal also provides evidentiary proof to the document regarding its legality and binding effect on the company. Therefore Secretarial Audit with the scope of affixation of common seal and procedure followed while affixing common seal holds much importance as it prevents chances of forgery and falsification of important documents of the company. The ICSI has already issued Secretarial Standard (SS–8) on Affixing of Common Seal in this regard to lay down uniformity in practice and procedure to be followed while affixing common seal.

Mutual funds have emerged as an exceptional tool of investment. A decade back, common man was less aware of the dynamics of mutual fund and its link with share market. The last decade has enmarked a spectacular increase in world wide popularity of mutual fund. Thanks to meticulous planning and organised execution that built the trust with common man. Mutual funds in India are emerging as an important instrument of household savings. It has the potential to rival bank deposits for attracting house hold savings. Matured financial market stimulates savings by ensuring better rate of return. The transparency in operations, along with the formation of SEBI, liberalization of foreign capital norms, resulted in the emergence of mutual funds in the public and private sectors. The financial sector reforms and the opening up of the liberalized economy resulted in throwing up the traditionally protected mutual fund industry to a greater level of competitive environment. The emergence of an intensely competitive structure in the place of the earlier monolithic scenario is the biggest structural change in the Indian Mutual Fund Industry (IMFI) during the last decade. Mutual funds mobilize and channel funds towards securities market. The total AUM of the mutual
fund houses crossed Rs. three trillion in Aug, 2006, a decade after the private sector entry. In the matter of one year the industry touched Rs. four trillion by June 2007. The funds have grown so swiftly, more due to the changing demographic profile, increasing number of youths with investable surplus and growth in the economy. The dominating role of the private and foreign players in the domestic market has contributed towards the growth of AUM of the IMFI to a peak of Rs. 823194 crore as on 31st March 2014, increase with a net change of Rs. 32,544 crores from the previous year.

The paper discusses the increasing power of the capital market to discipline the dominant shareholder by denying him access to the capital market. The newly unleashed forces of deregulation, disintermediation, institutionalization, globalization and tax reforms are making the minority shareholder more powerful and are forcing the companies to adopt healthier governance practices. These trends are expected to become even stronger in future. Regulators can facilitate the process by measures such as: enhancing the scope, frequency, quality and reliability of information disclosures; promoting an efficient market for corporate control; restructuring or privatizing the large public sector institutional investors; and reforming bankruptcy and related laws. In short, the key to better corporate governance in India today lies in a more efficient and vibrant capital market. Of course, things could change in future if Indian corporate structures also approach the Anglo-American pattern of near complete separation of management and ownership

Liberalisation and globalisation has lead to the opening up of Indian economy to foreign capital. Foreign Direct Investment plays a significant role in the development of an economy. India, being an emerging economy, is the second most attractive destination of FDI among BRICS. Service Sector, which is the fastest growing sector, leads to the socio economic growth of a country. The share of services sector in India’s GDP has been on the rising trend since 1990’s and more so because of its employment generation. The Indian Government’s policy changes in FDI have led to the increase in flow of foreign capital. The trends of FDI inflow in India during the recent years show that there is a slow and definite shift from the manufacturing sector to the services sector. Services sector has played a major and vital force in driving the growth of Indian economy for more than a decade. The analysis made also proves that there is a positive correlation between the FDI inflows into services sector and the share of GDP of services sector and there is a growth in employment of services sector as well which proves that there is a true transformation of the services sector in India which is influenced by the FDI inflows.

With the gradual proliferation of the internet network in India in the last decade, internet surfing is becoming the part of life of more and more Indians, laying ample opportunities for the e-retailers to woo the people with their attractive offers and innovations that may not be present in traditional retailing. Convenience, choice, options, flexible mode of payments, door delivery are few of the factors that is driving e-retailing in India. But the business environment prevailing in India is continuously offering challenges to the e-tailing firms hence they are proactively framing innovative strategies to capture more market share easily and quickly. This conceptual study aims to highlight the major challenges faced by the e-tailing industry in India and innovations being made in light of these challenges.

China has emerged as the major trading partner with India since the start of the millennium and more so after its accession to World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 11 December 2011. At present (2012-13) China is placed at second position in terms of total trade, fourth position in terms of export partner and first position with respect to importing country. The importance of India and China cannot be ignored from the point view of the role in the world trade. China ranks first in terms of leading merchandise exports whereas India is placed at nineteenth position with the share 11.8% and 1.6% in the world. In terms leading merchandise imports, China ranks second and India ranks tenth with 9.8% and 2.6%. Thus the present study deals with finding out the importance of India and China as a trading partner on bilateral terms, secondly change in the share of each economy in the world trade and finally the pattern of trade between them and its changing composition. This study is based on the secondary data. The sources that have been consulted are the website of the ministries in the respective countries, WITS database, World Development Indicator and other published work such as annual trade report of WTO, UNCTAD-TRADSTAT etc. The period of study is 2001- 2013. For the purpose of analysis simple statistical tools, such as correlation, regression, have been used and the presentation has been made with the help of line plots and bar graph. For finding out the complementarities in trade between India and China, trade intensity index developed by Kojima will be applied and with respect to importance of both countries in world trade-relative comparative advantage index developed by Balassa will be applied.

Financial Sector Reforms set in motion in 1991 have greatly changed the face of Indian Banking. The banking industry has moved gradually from a regulated environment to a deregulated market economy. The market developments kindled by liberalization and globalization have resulted in changes in the intermediation role of banks. The economic reforms initiated by the Government of India about two decades ago have changed the landscape of several industries of the Indian economy. The Indian banking industry is no exception. This industry is going through major changes as a consequence of economic reforms. The role of banking industry is very important as one of the leading and mostly essential service sector. India is the largest economy in the world having more than 121 crore population. Today in India the service sector is contributing half of the Indian GDP and the banking is most popular service sector in India. The significant role of banking industry is essential to speed up the social economic development. Banks plays an important role in the economic development of developing countries. Economic development involves investment in various sectors of the economy. The economic reforms have also generated new and powerful customers (huge Indian middle class) and new mix of players (public sector units, private banks, and foreign banks). The emerging competition has generated new expectations from the existing and the new customers. There is an urgent need to introduce new products. Existing products need to be delivered in an innovative and cost-effective way by taking full advantage of emerging technologies. The biggest opportunity for the Indian banking system today is the Indian consumer. Demographic shifts in terms of income levels and cultural shifts in terms of lifestyle aspirations are changing the profile of the Indian consumer. The Indian consumer now seeks to fulfil his lifestyle aspirations at a younger age with an optimal combination of equity and debt to finance consumption and asset creation. This is leading to a growing demand for competitive, sophisticated retail banking services. This paper explains the changing banking scenario, the impact of economic reforms and analyses the challenges and opportunities of national and commercial banks.

As a child grows and develops, he learns, not only about the world about him and his place in it, but also about himself. Each person lives with himself and hence, to some degree is always alone. No one can ever completely know the self better than anyone else, although in the per suit for understanding oneself and others there has developed much of human thought and philosophy, including psychology. Man has long held the hope of answering such questions as: who am I? How did I come to be this way? And their logical consequence, the search for purpose; why am I ?. The psychological construct, the self-concept is essentially private even though it is in part translated into action by the beliefs we express. Sidhu defined self-concept as those perceptions, beliefs, feelings, attitudes and values which the individual views on describing himself. Personality factor that can influence academic performance is self concept which is the picture the individual has of himself /herself. Self-concept is not innate, but is developed or constructed by the individual through interaction with the environment and reflecting on that interaction. This dynamic aspect of self-concept is important because it indicates that it can be modified or changed. The way an individual views himself accounts to a large extent for his success. It was found that aspirations and the drive to succeed are good predictors of achievements. Self concept is not a substance but a process in which a conversation between the “I” and “ME” takes place. The “ME” is the more or less integrated set of attitudes and ideas of other people which we have built together as our conscious experience and from which we also choose roles to represent our own ideas of ourselves.

Commodity derivatives made their appearance before financial derivatives in the world and also in India. The growth path of Indian derivative market was not smooth. Trading remained banned for a long period of time since 1966 and it was reintroduced in the early 2000s. Commodity derivatives market provides a platform for future growth of an economy. It also strengthens the Indian economy to face the challenge of globalization. This paper presents an overview of the Indian commodity derivatives market by discussing its evolution, trends, merits, drawbacks and the challenges confronting. The paper suggests that correct approach lies in addressing the problems of commodity derivatives market and not banning the market.

Everyone know, business environment is changing rapidly and with this there is a change in the working of the business firms. No nation can avoid the change in the corporate culture that comes as an external force due to linkage of various economics and their corporate entities. These changes provide not only a lot of opportunities but brings a lot of challenges also especially on the governance front. With this changing environment it is in the best interest of the country to keep on incorporating various governance aspects arising in terms of challenge due to changes taking place in corporate area. Under Company Act 2013, more liability is created for companies and auditors. According to company act 2013 auditor more liable to true and fair audit, materiality of audit and freedom of auditor and full disclose of accounting policies, under company act 2013. Try to come more transparency in audit and auditor and companies and shareholder's members. According to company act 2013 more penalty and punishment imposed for liability of auditors but today more requirement of transparency in audit for prevent errors and fraud and tax evasion in Indian companies. If we could to come out transparency in audit we improve economy of our country through prevent tax avoidance and tax evasion in Indian institution. This paper is therefore an attempt to understand the changing corporate laws in India by comparing the two major companies Act i.e. Companies Act 1956 & the recently introduced companies Act 2013. The act of 2013 is more of a rule-based legislation containing only 470 section. Which means that the substantial part of the legislation will be in the form of rules, It is expected that the act of 2013 will become applicable and the corresponding portion of 1956 act will be repealed in a phased manner.

Co-operative banking in retail and commercial banking organized on a co-operative basis. Co-operative banking institutions take deposits and lend money almost all parts of the world. Co-operative banking, includes retail banking, as carried out by credit unions, mutual savings and loan associations, building societies and co-operatives, as well as commercial banking services provided by manual organizations (such as co-operative federations) to cooperative businesses. The Apex co-operative banks at the state level, Central Co-operative banks at the district level and primary agricultural credit co-operative at the village level, are providing short term and long term finance for the development and growth of the nation. The structure of co-operative credit rests on the three tier system. The Central Co-operative Banks at the district level serving as a link between the Apex co-operative banks and primary agricultural credit co-operative banks.