Online trading is considered as one of the most successful innovative tools in the capital markets that transformed the century old stock-broking industry and the entire gamut of trading process in stock markets. Online Trading of shares is emerging as the most sought after arena where investors can easily engage in trading from the very comfort of his/ her dwelling without having to be physically present in the share market. This research paper aim is to analyze the behaviour of online investors with reference to Greater Visakhapatnam City. It presents the sociodemographic profile of the sample online investors and examines their awareness levels with regards to online investment. It also reports the investment habits and preferences of online investors. This paper while discussing the characteristics of the online investors, analyses the relationship between a dependent variable like risk-tolerance level and independent variables such as age, education and occupation of an online investor. The study reports that factors such as age and education influence the behaviour of online investors. Online investors are well educated, salaried and also independent in arriving at online investment decisions. A majority of online investors prefer to invest in instruments like futures & options, gold traded funds, equity etc.

This paper is a quick response to some of the queries that we have been receiving from national and International donor agencies in the course of our consulting practice in NGO management. Although some NGOs have begun to be concerned about how foreign funding can be gradually replaced with Indian money, since fairly substantial sums of foreign money are still available for NGO work, local fund raising has not yet become a strategic objective for most organisations.

The present paper is based on an exploratory study to have an understanding of the nature and extent of environmental reporting and accounting practices followed by Indian Corporate and to determine the factors or attributes that drives the companies to adopt these practices .An attempt has been made to analyze the published annual reports of the selected companies in India to examine their disclosure practices regarding the environmental issues. It also examines the type, Length and location of the disclosure in these reports. An ‘Index of environment disclosure’ listing twenty three items of information has been used to find out the actual disclosure practices in these companies. The paper also describes the theoretical considerations relating to environmental accounting. The study found that a very few companies in India are voluntarily disclosing the environmental issues in their Annual reports. The attributes such as high polluting industries, size of the company, High Debt to equity ratios and environment performance have positive impact on the environment disclosure .The reason behind the poor disclosure in environmental issues in India was found to be a lack of environmental legislations compelling the companies in  disclosing the same in companies’ annual reports.

Indian Rural Marketing has always been complex to forecast and consist of special uniqueness However many companies were successful in entering the rural markets. They proved proper understanding of the market an innovative marketing idea, it is possible to bag the rural markets It is very difficult for the companies to overlook the opportunities they could from rural markets. As Two – Thirds of Indian population lives in rural areas, the market is much unexpected for the companies to be successful in rural markets. They have to overcome certain challenges such as Pricing and Distribution. The present paper has been covered to know the rural market status in India, the identification of different Rural Marketing Strategies, to highlight the and Challenges of rural marketing in India, to analyze Rural Marketing Strategies Adopted by stated business houses.

The liberalization process of Indian economy has penetrated deep into the lives of people including women. Traditionally, it was believed that women are physically and mentally weak and thus not fit for any hazardous or risky tasks. But with the increasing women empowerment in the world, no job, profession or enterprise is such that women cannot undertake. Though presently the women have become aware of their existence, rights and work situation but the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India, especially in rural areas. Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. This paper discusses the status of women entrepreneurs and the problems faced by them when they ventured out to carve their own niche in the competitive world of business environment.

This paper highlights A Comparative Analysis of Gross NPA in Public and Private Sector Banks in the New Era. Banking industry is considered as the backbone of Indian economy. After liberalization of the policies by the government, the banks have to be more competitive and performance-oriented in the new environment. India has over the last decades experienced different degrees of repressive policies in the banking sector. This paper attempts to examine the efficiency of Indian commercial banks after financial sector reforms. An attempt is made in this paper that what is NPA? The factors contributing to NPAs, reasons for high NPAs and their impact on Indian banking operations, the trend and magnitude of NPAs in selected Indian banks.

Debates about the effect of instructional assistance during education have been continuing for at least the past half-century (Ausubel, 1964; Craig, 1956; Mayer, 2004; Shulman & Keisler, 1966). On one side of this contention are those people who are supporting the hypothesis that individuals acquire more knowledge in an unguided or insignificantly guided situation, commonly characterized wherein students, rather than being accessible with crucial information, must find or build vital data for themselves. On the other side are those who are recommending that fledgling learners ought to be given direct instructional direction on the theories and processes essential for a precise field and must not be left to find those processes on their own alone (e.g., Cronbach & Snow, 1977; Klahr& Nigam, 2004; Mayer, 2004; Shulman &Keisler, 1966; Sweller, 2003). Direct instructional direction is outlined as offering data that completely clarifies the ideas and methodology that learners are obligatory to acquire as well as learning approach that is good and well-suited with human psychological structural engineering. Knowledge, thus, is described as a change in long-lasting memory.

In the present economic scenario, one of the important ingredients in the field of accounting and finance is Human Resource Accounting. Human beings constitute the most crucial asset of an organization. However, the value of this asset does not appear in the financial statements. The importance of human resources is by and large ignored by the traditional accounting system. In view of the growing importance of HRA, many public and private enterprises in India are voluntarily disclosing information about their human resources. The economic growth of any nation depends upon the harnessing and exploitation of human resources as well as non-human resources along with their blending in a proper ratio. Human resource accounting is one of the latest concepts adopted by Indian enterprises in recent times. Most of the enterpriser which follow HRA spare separate section in their annual reports for a detailed account of their human resource. It helps the management to frame policies for human resources. Measurement of the investment in human resource will help to evaluate the charge in human resource investment over a period of time. This paper attempts to highlight the disclosure pattern of Human Resource Accounting Information by public enterprises in India.

Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients, including consumers and the self-employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. More broadly, it is a movement whose object is “a world in which as many poor and near-poor households as possible have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers.” Those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. The vision of microfinance is quite simple to create systemic change in financial systems worldwide. Instead of the exclusive financial systems that have for decades benefited and protected the wealthy, microfinance intends that they serve the impoverished majorities, help lift them out of poverty, and make them full participants in their country's social and economic development.

The present research work is undertaken to make an appraisal of the capital structure position of the M.P. Warehousing & Logistics Corporation, Bhopal. This study helps to reveal the causes of changes in capital structure made by the concern and makes a detailed analysis of the performance of the concern so that fruitful suggestion could be given to improve its performance in future. Since, financial appraisal is a tool for scientific evaluation of the profitability and financial strength of any business concern; the same has been used in the present research study. The techniques of financial statement analyses are used for the purpose of appraisal of the capital structure. In this research paper capital structure of the M.P. Warehousing & Logistics Corporation, Bhopal has been analyzed for the purpose of research through important and selected ratios.

India is a developing nation. For the last 66 years, it has been developing. Why is it not well developed? What are the issues which hinder the development of our country? Why are we not able to achieve the economic growth rate that we desire? The answer to all these questions lead to economic problems: low investments, low production and inflation, Added to them are other problems like low literacy rate, poverty, bureaucratic, red tapes', etc. These basic problems throttle the growth of our economy. If, as citizens, we want to solve these issues, we have to reform our society, the priority of which is to earn maximum profit (to make as much money as possible) without due concern for the social and environmental issues. This paper argues that if as responsible citizens, people join hands and do business not only to generate profit but also to solve social issues, India will develop faster. This requires a change in the mindset of people. Investors, especially institutional investors, pension fund investors, etc. are the big fund providers to corporate. They have the power to pressurize companies to follow ethics in their operations and work for solving the social issues. These investors are known as social investors or socially responsible investors. This study aims to propose a new paradigm for businessmen and for the investors, which would enable them to contribute to solving some of the social and economic problems facing our nation. If these entrepreneurial solutions are injected in the economy, India would achieve a better position in the world.

Non Banking Financial Companies has been playing a complementary role with other financial institutions in the Indian Economy. The study seeks to observe the growth of Non Banking Financial Companies in the Indian Economy. For this study data have been collected from secondary sources and simple statistical tools have been applied. The results shows that during the study period i.e. from the year 2007 to 2014, Net Profit and total Assets of Non Banking Financial Companies have been increasing steadily but percentage of Gross NPA to Gross Assets and Net NPA to Net Assets have been decreasing steadily in the same period.

Behavioral accounting is the application of social science concepts to some areas of accounting research such as budgeting, decision making, control and finance reporting. The newly emerging sub-discipline attempts to focus on the "human element" in what has essentially been a quantitative subject area. This paper provides a brief introduction to the evolution and content of behavioral accounting. Behavioral accounting research (BAR) is richer today, in the topics covered, the methods used, and the range of sub-areas of accounting in which it is performed, than ever before. This paper offers a framework within which BAR literature can be viewed as a whole rather than in segments, such as by accounting sub-areas or by research method. The framework classifies BAR by the focus of the research: the individual, group, organization, or the society within which accounting exists. The purpose of the framework is to help researchers in BAR to appreciate the insights to their research questions that can be found in BAR using another research method or studying a similar issue in another sub-area of accounting. Existing research in each of these four areas is discussed to illustrate the usefulness of the framework. The paper introduces behavioral
accounting researchers to mixed methods research by defining what is meant by mixed methods research and examining the ways of designing mixed methods research, with illustrations of mixed methods research in non-accounting research and showing how it could be applied in behavior accounting research

The economic development in India followed socialist-inspired policies for most of its independent history, including state-ownership of many sectors; India's per capita income increased at only around 1% annualised rate in the three decades after its independence.[1] Since the mid-1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalisation. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy. The economic growth has been driven by the expansion of services that have been growing consistently faster than other sectors. It is argued that the pattern of Indian development has been a specific one and that the country may be able to skip the intermediate industrialisation-led phase in the transformation of its economic structure. Serious concerns have been raised about the jobless nature of the economic growth. India's GDP growth during January-March period of 2015 was at 7.5% compared to China's 7%, making it the fastest growing economy.[6][7][8] During 2014-15, India's GDP growth recovered marginally to 7.3% from 6.9% in the previous fiscal. During 2014-15, India's services sector grew by 10.1%, manufacturing sector by 7.1% & agriculture by 0.2%. The Indian government has forecast a growth of 8.1-8.5% during 2015-16.

During the past recent years, there has been tremendous development reaming the concept of digital libraries-a knowledge base that can be stored and retrieved through on-line networks. Digital libraries are the most complex form of information systems that support digital document preservation, distributed database management, hypertext, filtering, information retrieval and selective dissemination of information. This has really overcome geographical barrier offering
wide range of academic, research and cultural resources with multimedia effects which can be accessed around the world over the distributed networks. This paper presents the concepts and observations on the contents of digital preservation. It discuses about the overview of technological approaches and strategies to digital preservation and challenges on information resource centre (IRC). This paper is also describes the main objectives, process and technological issues involved in preservation of digital materials. Finally, the paper highlights the process ladder of digital preservation initiatives. The paper explains the overview of technological approaches and strategies to digital preservation and challenges on information resource centre (IRC). The paper discovers to facilitate digital preservation goal can be achieved by the implementation of several technologies but on the other hand managerial environment and nature of the materials are also the study points before adopting techniques involved in digital preservation. It is also find out that the Digital preservation of documents restores it from loss, theft and decay.

Ratio analysis is a commonly used analytical tool for verifying the performance of a firm. While ratios are easy to compute, which in part explains their wide appeal, their interpretation is problematic, especially when two or more ratios provide conflicting signals. Indeed, ratio analysis is often criticized on the grounds of subjectivity, that is the analyst must pick and choose ratios in order to assess the overall performance of a firm. Ratio analysis has served as a veritable means of monitoring, measuring and improving performance in an organization. Hence, the study examines a tool for measuring organization performance using ratio analysis. It also ascertains the relevance of internal and external financial reports during ratio analysis for the purpose of establishing key relationships and results in order to appraise financial performance. The study confirmed that there is significant relationship between ratio analysis and organizational performances as well as financial ratios highlight the importance of effective management of an organization. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that financial ratios should be computed periodically to reveal areas of strengths and weaknesses, as well as, ratio analysis should be used to measure performance in terms of profitability.

The last two decades have seen substantial public sector reforms efforts around the world. A leading global actor in these reform efforts has been the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD launched its governance efforts in 1990, and published its path-breaking review of public sector reform in 1995 (Governance in Transition). The paper examines the OECD's role as a key actor in a global public policy network devoted to public sector reform, and how it has contributed to changes in state structures and administration. It reviews the OECD's key publications, examines how the organization developed its public sector reform agenda, and assesses its relationships with and influence over national governments. The methodology consists of a review of documents and publications, as well as interviews. The key findings are that the OECD is a key node in what is emerging as a global network around public sector reform. The application of Project Management tools and techniques in public sector is gradually becoming an important issue in developing economies, especially in a new development country like Latvia where projects of different size and structures are undertaken. The article compares two counties - that are otherwise totally different – on the basis of being categorized as having typical legalistic-Weberian public administration cultures. The findings are based on secondary data analysis of Japanese National Personnel Authority and various Hungarian empirical researches.

The joint influence of the Federal Reserve's (Fed) discount window credit and reserve requirements and FDIC's deposit insurance on a bank's optimal capital structure and asset risk choices is analyzed. The specific seniority of such regulatory claims, and potentially strong negative correlation between bank asset classes, significantly alters our traditional view of such regulatory influences on bank behavior. I find that the discount window's presence does not always prompt bank risk taking and leverage, but it does partially offset such incentives under certain conditions. In addition to its cost, a reserve requirement provides the bank with an indirect subsidy that may encourage deposit funding. Thus, regulatory reforms, such as the FDIC Improvement Act of 1991, which curtail banks' access to the discount window, may not always be appropriate to resolve a bank's incentive for moral hazard behavior. The Fed's presence needs to be more comprehensively examined to design effective regulatory policy.

The analysis of the banking sector has been the object of study by many researchers. In this study will be evaluated the profitability, the efficiency and the liquidity of the co-operative banks in India for the period 2009-2010 to 2013-2014 .In order to achieve this we present the course of the co-operative banks in Greece and we analyze a series of basic arithmetic indexes. A comparative analysis of the cooperative bank indexes with those of the Indian banking system as a whole is attempted as well. For the analysis of the economic magnitudes of the cooperative banks the groups of indexes such as: of profitability, of efficiency and of liquidity are being implemented. With the help of the above indexes the values of the corresponding magnitudes for the cooperative banks as a whole through the years is compared. Also the values of the above magnitudes is compared with the corresponding ones of the total banking sector. Finally, through the above analysis the reasons for these changes through time are pointed out. From the analysis is revealed that profitability and efficiency for the co-operative banks turn out to be very satisfactory. More specifically these indexes for the co-operative banks are better compared to the equivalent ones of the banks as a whole while the liquidity indexes for the co-operative banks are worse compared to the equivalent ones of the banks as a whole.

The community expectations about the quality of services and the quality of governance in a higher level are increasing day by day. It is the worldwide trend toward facing a higher level of challenges for building a transparent decision making system and a demonstration of wise and effective management of funds around the world. It is observed that the municipalities are facing terrific pressure to reduce spending and taxes, but still maintain safe and reliable municipal services. With the enactment of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Act (1992) an initiative to decentralize power and strength of democracy at local level has come into being across the country. It also provides municipalities with political, functional and fiscal empowerment for good governance. So to provide the standard quality of services to the stakeholders it is required to utilize the fund properly in every municipal organization. At the same time, they are expected to become more accountable, focused to tax payers and responsive to the stakeholders' needs. The objective of the study is to determine how efficiently the Municipalities of India are managing their funds. The findings also showed that there is a significant difference between the municipalities on regard income and expenses. It is suggested that the municipalities need to start the fund management practices to build a good foundation of long term financial stability.

Medical tourism’ is a term used to refer to a travel activity that involves a medical procedure that promote the wellbeing of the tourist. This paper utilises the factors in Porter’s diamond to evaluate, analyse and discuss the growth and development of medical tourism. Unacceptably long hospital queues and high costs of medical procedures in western society have created a demand for medical tourism. Hence, as this new global product gains popularity, increased monitoring and greater accreditation of this service is required to keep pace with an increase in its international demand. Medical tourism or health tourism is the travel of people to another country for the purpose of obtaining medical treatment in that country. Traditionally, people would travel from less developed countries to major medical centers in highly developed countries for medical treatment that was unavailable in their own communities. The recent trend is for people to travel from developed countries to third world countries for medical treatments because of cost consideration, though the traditional pattern still continues. Another reason for  travel for medical treatment is because some treatments may not be legal in the home country, such as some fertility procedures.

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of promotion on consumer attitude for shopping of electronic goods that might be one of the most important issues of e-commerce and marketing field. However, there is very limited knowledge about consumer attitude because it is a complicated socio-technical phenomenon and involves too many factors. Respondents to the questionnaire were consumers of online Vs in-stores in Delhi (NCR) & structured questionnaire used for the same. This study can be considered as an applied research from purpose perspective and descriptive-survey with regard to the nature and method. Results also indicated that domain specific innovativeness and subjective norms positively affect shopping behavior. Furthermore, attitude toward shopping of electronic goods positively affected online shopping behavior of consumers.

Indian automobile sector is one of the most prominent sectors across the globe. Today due to increased competition & change in customer needs, companies are very much conscious about framing a different strategy. Companies today realized that Innovative branding & marketing strategies are vital to grab the market. The Indian automobile market presently crammed with tremendous competition. To cope up with this competition and heavy risk, companies need to design exceptional and influential marketing strategy. For this, companies have to set clear vision while framing its marketing strategy. To capture the Indian market companies has focused on Innovative Marketing, Advertising and Brand positioning strategies. In today’s competitive era the word ‘Strategy’ is very crucial for all business organizations. Presently organizations started realizing that customer centric and aggressive marketing strategies plays vital role to become successful leader. Though globalization has opened the doors of opportunities for all, the market is still crowded with some unknown risks and lot of competition. Because of this competition, a marketing strategy must aim at being unique, differential-creating and advantage-creating. To obtain unique and differential advantage, an organization has to be creative in its marketing strategy. Indian automobile sector is one of the most prominent sectors across the globe. Today due to increased competition & change in customer needs, companies are very much conscious about framing a different strategy. Companies today realized that Innovative branding & marketing strategies are vital to grab the market. The Indian automobile market presently crammed with tremendous competition. To cope up with this competition and heavy risk, companies need to design exceptional and influential marketing strategy.

In the human quest for meaning, work occupies a central position. Most adults spend the majority of their waking hours at work, which often serves as a primary source of purpose, belongingness, and identity. In light of these benefits to employees and their organizations, organizational scholars are increasingly interested in understanding the factors that contribute to meaningful work, such as the design of jobs, interpersonal relationships, and organizational missions and cultures. The relationship between ethics and job satisfaction for MIS professionals is examined empirically. Five dimensions of job satisfaction are examined namely satisfaction with pay, satisfaction with promotions, satisfaction with co-workers, satisfaction with supervisors and satisfaction with the work itself. These dimensions of satisfaction are compared to top management's ethical stance, one's overall sense of social responsibility and an ethical optimism scale (i.e., the degree of optimism that one has concerning the positive relationship between ethics and success in the company. Results indicate that MIS professionals are more satisfied with the various dimensions of their jobs when top management stresses ethical behavior and when they are optimistic about the relationship between ethics and success within their firms. The one exception to this is pay satisfaction which is unrelated to these constructs. One's sense of social responsibility is also relatively unrelated to job satisfaction. In this article, we examine contemporary developments in both disciplines about the nature, causes, and consequences of meaningful work; we explore linkages between these disciplines; and we offer conclusions and research opportunities regarding the interface of ethical and organizational perspectives on performing and providing meaningful work.

In past decades, advertising was referred as “keeping product name before the public”. But in recent years, advertising as it is too often used is a blanket term covering everything. According to Charles (1994), advertising is a planned communicative activity in which messages are used to persuade customers to adopt goods/services. Biswajith Ghosh (2007), advertising in business ethics has polarized public opinion. Opponents of advertising claim that it puts consumer under undue psychological pressure to buy unnecessary items or strive for living standards beyond those they can afford. Critics claim that advertising wastes money
that would better be channelized into improving product or reducing price. Advertising is allegedly a barrier to market entry. Businessman may be able to produce goods that are superior to those of the giant companies, but if he run only a small business, the chances are that he will be unable to advertise on the kind of scale that is necessary to break into the market. Some critics go so far as to say that advertising is inherently a social evil, that it sets out to deceive, to encourage greed and to persuade people to spend beyond their means, advertising is one means of propagating the capitalist value system. Advertising is often accused by representatives of the intellectual left of being an immoral and parasitical force that exalts false values and induce people to buy things they either do not need or cannot afford. It is said to create expectation that cannot be satisfied. In fact, in Indonesia, TV commercials were banned because they were suspected of increasing the expectations of the poorer people. What these critics mean is that they would prefer to live in a primitive society. So, this article attempts to find ethical issues in advertising and also to educate people regarding their duties and responsibilities. Both primary as well as secondary data has been collected for the purposes of the study. The sample size is 150. It is found from the survey that only three percent of the respondents have got offers like car, cash prize etc. remaining 97 percent says that they never get any offer. 84 percent of the respondents opined that advertisements are misleading people. 64 percent of the respondents say that brand ambassadors are unethical. 72 percent of the respondents blame that there is irrational and excessive exposure of women in ads. It is concluded that good ethics and good business are synonyms from the moral, legal and practical point of view. Corporate are to be considered as Inspira- Journal of Commerce, Economics & Computer Science : April-June, 2015 social institutions with ethical principles and rules of conduct that reflect their dignity, authority and social responsibility. There is need of duel responsibility of marketer and customers.

Regional integration in the name of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements has now become the important tool for promoting economic and political relations among countries groups, these agreements may range from preferential trade agreements to free trade agreements. Out of the 15 RTAs in force 4 RTAs have provisions on services as well. So far the agricultural products are concerned there coverage is partial with limited number of products being included in the tariff reduction list. Agriculture did not find due place in the RTAs because of its sensitiveness with respect to pressure from the domestic market. This paper critically analyses the share of major trading groups, with whom India has signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), in total exports and agriculture exports of India for the period 2001- 2014. The finding shows that although in case of total exports going to the trading groups for the period under study has seen an increase in its share but the same does not hold true for share in agriculture export going from India to these groups. Share in agriculture exports in most of the cases has registered a fall.

Prakasam district was one of the most imperative producers and leading exporters in terms of tonnage of granite stone in Andhra Pradesh State over the past decades. Prakasam district traditionally exports large quantities of raw blocks, rough slabs and standard tiles of granite. Because of abundant granite resources, attractive and qualitative raw granite products, cheap labour, interested entrepreneurs, are available in the Prakasam district. So the Prakasam district is a national leader in terms of granite production. Granite stone exports from the Prakasam district, comprise mainly granite cut blocks, granite slabs and tiles. Hence, the granite stone industry is more profitable in the district, at the same time the granite quarrying and processing industry has been creating a number of issues and problems in relation to labour. So the labourers are facing some problems and work under the inauspicious conditions. This paper highlights the issues of the labour occurred in granite stone quarrying and processing industry in Prakasam district.

Liquidity analysis is mainly working capital analysis for a company because liquidity in business depends entirely on working capital of the company. It is the amount of money that company has tied up in finding its day-to-day operations. Liquidity having major impact on successful running of a business unit. In any industry for uninterrupted running of business, an adequate amount of liquidity is always necessary but the excessive amount of liquidity is quite harmful. The purpose of study is comparing the liquidity position of the selected companies under study from year to year.

Global supply chains are more risky than domestic supply chains due to numerous links interconnecting a wide network of firms. These links are prone to disruptions, bankruptcies, breakdowns, macroeconomic and political changes, and disasters leading to higher risks and making risk management difficult. Increasing product/service complexity, outsourcing and globalization have led to increasingly complex, dynamic supply networks. This has impacted on risk, changing it and changing its location in supply networks. Supply chain risk management assumes importance in the wake of organizations understanding that their risk susceptibility is dependent on other constituents of their supply chain. Supply managers must manage many risks in their increasingly competitive environments. Traditionally this meant buffering against uncertainties, which sub?optimized operational performance. Risk management can be a more effective approach to deal with these uncertainties by identifying potential losses. This conceptual study proposes that situational factors? degree of product technology, security needs, the relative importance of the supplier, and the purchasers’ prior experience with the situation should be taken into consideration when determining the level of risk management in the supply chain. Doing so can avoid unforeseen losses and lead to better anticipation of risks.

The ultimate purpose of CRM, like any organizational initiative, is to increase profit. In the case of CRM this is achieved mainly by providing a better service to your customers than your competitors. CRM not only improves the service to customers though; a good CRM capability will also reduce costs, wastage, and complaints Effective CRM also reduces staff stress, because attrition - a major cause of stress - reduces as services and relationships improve. CRM enables instant market research as well: opening the lines of communications with customers gives direct constant market reaction to the products, services and performance, far better than any market survey. Good CRM also helps to grow business: customers stay longer; customer churn rates reduce; referrals to new customers increase from increasing numbers of satisfied customers; demand reduces on fire-fighting and trouble-shooting staff, and overall the organization’s service flows and teams work more efficiently and more happily with reference to a current and future customer.